Names of Celebrities

Abraham Lincoln
亞伯拉罕•林肯
亚伯拉罕•林肯
Adolph Hitler
阿道夫•希特勒
阿道夫•希特勒
Al Gore
艾爾•高爾
阿尔•戈尔
Albert Einstein
亞伯特•愛因斯坦
阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦
Ban Ki-Moon
潘基文
Bill Clinton
比爾•柯林頓
比尔•克林顿
Bill Gates
比爾•蓋玆
Boris Yeltsin
鮑里斯•葉爾欽
Charles Darwin
查爾斯•達爾文
Chen Shui-bian
陳水扁
Chiang Ching-kuo
蔣經國
Chiang Kai-shek (both mainland and Taiwan names)
蔣介石/蔣中正
Colin Powell
克林•鮑威爾
克林•鲍威尔
Condoleezza Rice
康多麗莎•萊斯
康多莉扎•赖斯
Deng Xiaoping
鄧小平
Dwight Eisenhower
杜威特•艾森豪
Emperor Hirohito
昭和天皇(裕仁)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
富蘭克林•德拉諾•羅斯福
富兰克林•德拉诺•罗斯福
George H.W. Bush
喬治•H•W•布希(老布希)
乔治•HW•布什(老布什)
George W. Bush
喬治•W•布希(小布希)
乔治•W•布什(小布什)
George Washington
喬治•華盛頓
Gerald Ford (for completeness sake)
傑拉德•福特
Gordon Brown
戈登•布朗
Harry Truman
哈利•杜魯門
Henry Kissinger
亨利•季辛吉
亨利•基辛格


Hu Jingtao
胡錦濤
Jiang Qing
江青
Jiang Zemin
江澤民
Jimmy Carter
吉米•卡特
John F. Kennedy
約翰•F•甘廼迪
约翰•F•肯尼迪
John Maynard Keynes
約翰•梅納德•凱恩斯(凱因斯)
约翰•梅纳德•凯恩斯
Joseph Stalin
約瑟夫•史達林
Karl Marx
卡爾•馬克思
Kim Il-Sung
金日成
Kim Jong-il
金正日
Kofi Annan
科菲•安南
Lee Kuan Yew
李光耀
Li Deng Hui
李登輝
Li Peng
李鵬
Lyndon Baines Johnson
林登•班因斯•詹森
Ma Yingjiu
馬英九
Mahatma Gandhi
馬哈特馬•甘地
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
阿赫馬迪內賈德/艾瑪丹加
艾哈迈迪内贾德

Mao Zedong
毛澤東
Martin Luther King
馬丁•路德•金恩（金恩博士）
马丁•路德•金
Mikhail Gorbachev
米哈埃爾•戈爾巴契夫
Osama Bin Laden
奧薩馬•賓•拉登
Pope Benedict XVI
教皇•本篤十六
Pope John Paul II
教皇•若望•保祿•二世
Queen Elizabeth II
伊麗莎白二世
Richard Nixon
理查•尼克森
Ronald Reagan
朗諾•雷根
Rupert Murdoch
魯伯特•梅鐸
Saddam Hussein
薩達姆•海珊
Sigmund Freud
齊格蒙•佛洛伊德
Steve Jobs
史蒂夫•約伯斯
Sun Yat-Sen (both mainland and Taiwan names)
孫逸仙/孫文/孫中山
Thomas Jefferson
湯馬士•傑佛遜
Tiger Woods
老虎•伍玆
Tony Blair
湯尼•布萊爾
V.I. Lenin
列寧
Vladimir Putin
普亭
Warren Buffet
華倫•巴菲特
Winston Churchill
溫士頓•丘吉爾
Woodrow Wilson
威爾遜
Yasser Arafat
亞瑟•阿拉法特
Zhou Enlai
周恩來

figurative expressions involving colors

紅色 hóngsè red

*jealous； envious

犯了紅眼病

眼紅

*angry, furious

殺紅了眼/杀红了眼

*popular

火紅

紅星

* communist

扣紅帽子

抹紅

赤化

* in deficit

赤字

橙色 chéngsè orange (also 橘色 ju2se4)

橙色警告

黃色 huángsè yellow

*of pornographic nature

黃色電影/黄色电影
黃色書刊/黄色书刊
掃黃行動/扫黄行动（police raid on pornography)

綠色 lǜsè green

*ecologically friendly

綠化環境/绿化环境

綠色科技/绿色科技

*depressed or feel betrayed

股市一片慘綠/股市一片惨绿

丈夫戴了綠帽子/丈夫戴了绿帽子 (husband got betrayed by his unfaithful wife)

*（Taiwan politics) pro DPP

泛綠陣營/泛绿阵营

藍綠對峙/蓝绿对峙

藍/蓝色 lánsè blue (also 青色 qing1se4 : 青 could be blue or green, depending on which object it modified, e.g. 青天=蓝天， 青草=绿草）

*（as in English)

藍領階級 /蓝领阶级（blue-collared)

藍籌股 / 蓝筹股( blue chip stocks)

* ( referring to the origin or teacher)

青出於藍（而勝於藍）/青出于蓝（而胜于蓝）

lit. green is born of blue, but beats blue (idiom); fig. the student becomes superior to the master

紫色 zǐsè purple

* reputed, royal

大紅大紫

*royal

紫禁城

黑色 hēisè black

* illegal/immoral/underworld

黑社會/黑社会

黑道

黑幫/黑帮 bunch of gangsters; criminal gang; organized crime syndicate

黑色收入

黑金問題/黑心产品

黑心產品

黑手黨/黑手党 (mafia)

* hopeless/miserable/negative

黑牢

黑暗面

* stern

唱黑臉/唱黑脸 : play bad cop

黑手 * (only in Taiwan) dirty manual labor

白色 báisè white

*legal/governmental

白道 (pejoratively used)

白手套 (white glove) 

充当“黑钱”漂白的中间人，或是实际从事“非法”事务的“合法”外衣；从事某些见不得人的事，通常必须寻找“合法”、“合理”的理由来加以掩饰，而从事这种掩饰工作的个人、单位、组织等等，我们都可以称之为“白手套”

** 海基會和海協會一直扮演兩岸商談的“白手套”。

**海基会和海协会一直扮演两岸商谈的“白手套”。

* in vain

白來了一趟

白忙了半天

白做

* without paying

白吃白喝

白住

* erroneous

寫白字

* plain/spoken form

説白了，意思就是...

白話文

灰色 huīsè gray

*shaded/between legal and illegal

灰色收入

*discouraged

灰心

心灰意冷

more shades of colors:

粉紅色 pink

* gossip

緋聞 (緋：pink)

米色 beige

乳白色cream color

棕色 brown

咖啡色 brown (coffee)

土黃色 yellowing brown/ khakee

More than one color

彩虹 cǎihóng rainbow

黑白 black-&-white; monochrome

* the moral vs. the immoral

是非黑白

青黃不接qīng huáng bù jiē lit.

yellow does not reach green (idiom);

the yellow autumn crop does not last until the green spring,

temporary deficit in man power or resources, unable to make ends meet

territorial terms

Terms related with Territory

領土	领土	lǐngtǔ	◊ territory (of a country)
領空	领空	lǐngkōng	◊ territorial airspace
領海	领海	lǐnghǎi	◊ territorial waters
水域	水域	shuǐyù	◊ waters, body of water
國土	国土	guótǔ	◊ national territory, land
邊界	边界	biānjiè	◊ border, boundary (mostly of a country)
國界	国界	guójiè	◊ national boundaries
省界	省界	shěngjiè	◊ provincial boundary
州界	州界	zhōujiè	◊  state border
入境	入境	rùjìng	◊ enter a country ◊ (in an airport etc.) arrival
出境	出境	chūjìng	◊ leave the country, emigrate ◊ (in an airport etc.) departure
侵犯	侵犯	qīnfàn	◊ encroach upon, intrude, violate
驅逐	驱逐	qūzhú	◊ drive out, expel
巡邏	巡逻	xúnluó	◊ patrol
捍衛	捍卫	hànwèi	◊ guard, protect, defend
戍守	戍守	shùshǒu	◊ guard (the border)
偷渡	偷渡	tōudù	◊ cross (a river etc.) while the enemy is unaware ◊ enter a country illegally, be an illegal immigrant
走私	走私	zǒusī	◊ smuggle

common geographic terms

半島 (ban4dao3, peninsula)
峽谷 (xia2gu3， gorge or canyon)
海峽 (hai3xia3, strait or sea channel)
冰川=冰河 (bing1chuan1/bing1he2, glacier)
冰山 (bing1shan1, iceberg)
高原 (gao1yuan2, plateau)
平原 (ping2yuan2, plain)
流域 (liu2yu4, valley or river basin)
盆地 (pen2di4, basin)
三角洲 (san1jiao3zhou1, delta)
山脈 (shan1mai4, sierra or mountains)
山坡 (shan1po1, slope or terrace)
海灣 (hai3wan1, gulf)

commonly seen flowers

玫瑰 méigui rose
百合 bǎihé lily (the plant or its bulb)
杜鵑 dùjuān azalea (the plant or its flower)
牡丹 mǔdan peony, (the plant or its flower, the Chinese symbol for spring)
菊花 júhuā chrysanthemum (the plant or its flower; the Chinese symbol of autumn)
桂花 guìhuā sweet-scented osmanthus, osmanthus fragrans
梔子花 zhīzihuā gardenia flower
鬱金香 yùjīnxiāng common tulip, tulipa gesneriana (the plant or its flower) 郁金香
蘭花 lánhuā orchid 兰花
風信子 fēngxìnzǐ hyacinth, hyacinthus orientalis
茉莉 mòli jasmine(the plant or its flower)
荷花 héhuā lotus (the plant or its flower)

桃花 táohuā peach blossom
櫻花 yīnghuā oriental cherry (the tree or its flowers)
梅花 méihuā plum blossom (the Chinese symbol of winter); wintersweet

expressions involving animals

羊：sheep, goat, lamb  替罪羊/代罪羔羊(Scapegoat)
牛：cow, cattle 黃牛(scalper n., fail to keep promise v.)，牛步 (sluggish)
蝸牛：snail 無殼蝸牛/无壳蜗牛 (snail without shell, those who do not have their own house)
雞：chicken 野雞車/野鸡车（unlicensed rickshaw or cab)
鴨：duck鴨子划水 (busily working behind the scene)
蝴蝶：butterfly 花蝴蝶 (butterfly, unfaithful lover)
狼：wolf 色狼 (sexual offender)
狗：dog, hound 走狗 (lackey)，狼心狗肺 (heartless and cruel)，鷹犬 same as 走狗
虎：tiger 母老虎 (tiger lady)
獅：lion 河東獅 (frightful wife)
龍/龙：dragon 望子成龍/龙，亞洲四小龍/龙 (Asia's four little tigers)
馬/马：horse 千里馬/马，千里駒/千里驹/qiānlǐ jū (“undiscovered” talented person)
鼠：mouse, rat 胆小如鼠 (cowardly, having no guts)

Corrupted Practices

貪污腐敗/贪污腐败 tānwū fǔbài=貪腐
受賄/受贿    shòuhuì take bribes
索賄/索贿    suǒhuì demand bribes
舞弊 wǔbì corrupt practices (like embezzlement); embezzlement; fraudulent practices; cheating (on an examination)
圖利財團/图利财团 tú lì cáituán make the profit more accessible for a certain interest group
瀆職/渎职    dúzhí dereliction of duty, malfeasance
錢權交易/钱权交易 money-power politics
權利尋租/权利寻租quánlì xún zū "power for rent" 
挪用公款 nuóyòng gōngkuǎn divert (misappropriate, or embezzle) public funds, misuse of state funds (sometimes means legitimate diversion)
公款旅遊/公款旅游 gōngkuǎn lǚyóu : use government's funds to pay for personal sight-seeing trip.
公款吃喝 gōngkuǎn chīhē : partying with extravagance on public funds 
帶病提拔/带病提拔 dài bìng tíbá : commonly seen phenomenon in China's bureaucracy, where a obviously corrupted official got promoted anyway in spite of his corrupted conducts,

Holidays/Festival of the West

西洋節日

受難日
復活節 (Easter Sunday)

萬聖節 （萬聖夜）(Halloween)
感恩節 (Thanksgiving)
聖誕節（耶誕節）(Christmas)

radical groups action of body/trunk 身

身shēn : body


躺tǎng: lie down
躲duǒ: hide oneself
躬 gōng: bend oneself from the waist （鞠躬 jūgōng to bow ）

radical groups action of feet/legs

足

跑 (pao3, run)
跳 (tiao4, jump)
躍 (yue4, leap) 跃
踢 (ti1, kick)
踏 (ta4, stamp) （踢踏舞）(tap dancing)
踐 (jian4, tread)（實踐）(shi2jian4, to put in practice) (踐踏) (jian4ta4, trample) 践
跛 (bo3, limping)
蹲 (dun1, squat)
跪 (gui4, kneel)
跌 (die1, fall)
蹈 (dao3, step) (舞蹈，手舞足蹈， 重蹈覆轍)


蹩 (bie2, sprain)

radical groups action or activities of hands/arms

扌

打(da3, hit)
拍(pai1, take picture, pat, clap)
拿 (na2, take)
捏 (nie1, pinch)
捧 (peng3, lift with two hands)
擧 (ju3, lift or raise) 举
擡 (tai2, lift up) 抬
撞 (zhuang4, collide)
扭 (niu3, twist)
推 (tui1, push)
拉 (la1, pull)
揮 (hui1, fling or sway) 挥
按 (an1, press against)
投 (tou2, toss; cast)
扔 (reng1, throw)
抛 (pao1, project)
採 (cai3, pick) 采
搖 (yao2, rock; shake)
擺 (bai3, place, swing back and forth) 摆
抓 (zhua1, scratch, grasp)
搶 (qiang3, fight or compete for; seize)抢
捉 (zhuo1, capture)
捕 (bu3, capture; arrest)
換 (huan4, exchange)
探 (tan4, stick out or probe)
找 (zhao3, seek)
抱 (bao4, embrace)
抽 (chou1, draw from inside)
握 (wo4, grab)
掛 (gua4, hang) 挂
控 (kong4, control or manipulate)
掉 (diao4, drop)
捜 (sou1, search or probe)
援 (yuan2, assist or aid)
插 (cha1, insert or interrupt)
挑 (tiao1 or tiao3, choose or challenge)
擇 (ze2, select) 择

radical groups actitivities/actions of hand

扌

打(da3, hit)

拍(pai1, take picture, pat, clap)

拿 (na2, take)

捏 (nie1, pinch)

捧 (peng3, lift with two hands)

擧 (ju3, lift)

撞 (zhuang4, collide)

扭 (niu3, twist)

推 (tui1, push)

拉 (la1, pull)

揮 (hui1, wave; fling)

按 (an4, press against the surface; push botton)

投 (tou2, toss; cast; throw; pitch)

採 (cai3, pluck; pick; adopt)

搖 (yao2, shake; rock)

抓 (zhua1, catch; scratch; grip)

捉 (zhuo1, catch; capture)

捕 (bu3, catch; arrest)

換 (huan4, switch; swap; exchange)

探 (tan4, probe; reach; explore)

抱 (bao4, embrace; hold; carry with arms against chest)

抽 (chou1, draw; extract)

握 (wo4; grasp; take firmly)

掛 (gua4, hang)

控 (kong4, control; accuse)

掉 (diao4, drop; lose)

捜 (sou1, search)

援 (yuan2, assist, aid)

插 (cha1, insert, cut in)

radical goups 氣體/气体 Gaseous

气

氧 (yang3, oxygen)
氫 (qing1, hydrogen)
氯 (lv4, chlorine)
氮 (dan4, nitrogen)
氦 (hai4, helium)

二氧化碳  èryǎnghuàtàn (carbon dioxide)
二氧化硫 èryǎnghuàliú (sulphur dioxide)

radical groups 礦物/矿物

石：stone / mineral 礦物

碳 (tan4, carbon)
硫 (liu2, sulphur)
矽 (xi4, silicon) (Taiwan usage)
硅 (gui1, silicon) (PRC usage)
碘 (dian3, iodine)
硝 (xiao1, nitre)

radical groups metalic 金屬

金 ：metalic elelments （金屬元素）
金 (jin1, gold)
銀 (yin2, silver) 银
銅 (tong2, copper)
鉄/鐡 (tie, iron) 铁
錫 (xi1, tin) 锡
鉛 (qian1, lead) 铅
鈾 (you4, uranium) 铀
鈽 (bu4, plutonium) 钸
鎂 (mei3, magnesium)
鉀 (jia3, potassium)
鈉 (na4, sodium)
鉻 (luo4, ge4chromium)
鋁 (lv3, aluminum)
鈣 (gai4, calsium) 钙
鋼 (gang1, steel)
鎳 (nie4, nickle)
不銹鋼 (buxiu4gang1, stainless steel)
青銅 (qing1tong2, bronze)
合金 (he2jin1, alloy)

Terms in Cross Strait Issues

兩岸關係/两岸关系 : Cross-strait relation
求同存異/求同存异: seek consensus and keep the divergence intact
海基會/海基会 (Taiwan's/ROC's semi-official rep. office, Cross-strait Exchange Foundations)
海協會/海协会 (PRC's semi-official rep. office, ARATS, Association of Relations and Affairs of Taiwan Strait)
九二共識/九二共识: Consensus reached in Year 1992 (sometimes known as 一中各表)
一中各表: short form for 一個中國，各自表述/一个中国，各自表述
One China, but each adheres to his own interpretation.
陸委會/陆委会 (Taiwan's Council of Mainland China Affairs, CMA)* easily misleading by its face value.
國台辦/国台办 (PRC's Office of Taiwan's Affairs under State Council)* easily misleading by its face value.

"可" + verb

"可" + verb ==> adjective

可憐 (poor, pitiable)
可惡 (spiteful)
可恨 (loathsome)
可愛 (lovely, cute)
可敬 (respectable)
可惜 (it's a shame, it's a pity)
可怕 (terrible)
可悲 (pathetic)
可恥 (shameful)

12 Common Emotion/Feelings

高興/歡樂 (happy/joyful) 高兴/欢乐
悲傷/傷心/悲痛 (sad/sorrowful/heartbroken) 悲伤/伤心/悲痛
難過(sorry) 难过
抱歉/不好意思/過意不去(apologetic/bad about someone's kindness) 抱歉/不好意思/过意不去
生氣/氣憤/憤怒(忿怒) (angry/furious) 生气/气愤/愤怒
沮喪 (depressed) 沮丧
失望 (disappointed) 失望
灰心/氣餒 (frustrated) 灰心/气馁
擔心/擔憂/憂慮 (worried) 担心/担忧/忧虑
放心/鬆了一口氣 (relieved) 放心/松了一口气 contrast with 嘆了一口氣/叹了一口气
吃驚/驚訝/震驚 (surprised/shocked) 吃惊/惊讶/震惊
害怕/恐慌 (fearful/panicked)害怕/恐慌 (contrast with 荒, referring to famine and shortage)

Major figures in international society

(以下譯名以大陸譯名為主，若兩岸譯名不同，後附台灣譯名)

日本首相 安倍晉三(Ānbèi jìnsān/ Shinzō Abe)
日本外相 岸田文雄(Àntián wénxióng / Fumio Kishida)
联合国秘书长 潘基文 (Pān Jīwén / Ban Ki-moon)
英国首相戴维·卡梅伦(Kǎméilún / David W.D. Cameron)

台灣譯名：大衛·卡麥隆(Kǎmàilóng)

德国总理 安格拉·默克尔 (Mòkè'ěr / Angela Merkel)
    台灣譯名：梅克爾 (Méikè'ěr) 

法国总统 弗朗索瓦·奥朗德(Àolǎngdé / François Hollande)
   台灣譯名：歐蘭德 (Ōulándé)

韩国大统领（总统） 朴槿惠 ( Piăojǐnhuì/Pǔjǐnhuì / Park Geun-hye)
朝鲜最高领导者 金正恩  (Jīnzhèng'ēn /Kim Jong-un)

新加坡資政(前總統) 李光耀

 巴基斯坦總理 纳瓦兹·谢里夫/納瓦茲·謝里夫（Nàwǎzī Xièlǐfu/Nawaz Sharif）

 马来西亚总理 纳吉·阿都拉萨 （Nàjí•Ādūlāsà / Najib Razak）

 菲律宾总统  阿基诺三世（Ājīnuò Sānshì /Noynoy Aquino or Benigno S. Aquino III）
   台灣譯名：艾奎諾三世 (Àikuínuò Sānshì)
 
緬甸總統 吴登盛 （Wúdēngshèng/ Thein Sein）

   台灣譯名：登盛(Dēngshèng)
 
緬甸民主黨領袖  昂山素季（Ángshānsùjì/ Aung San Suu Kyi）

   台灣譯名：翁山蘇姬 (Wēngshānsūjī)
 
西藏流亡政府領袖 达赖 (Dálài/ Dalai)

   台灣譯名：達賴喇嘛 (Dálài Lǎma)